The model simulations were found to yield values for visibility almost identical to those calculated from the corresponding tree location maps. Our analysis was based (1) on tree position maps and TLS data collected in 20 with three different scanners, and (2) on simulated digital twins of the forest stands, constructed with two pattern-generation models incorporating commonly used indices of tree position clumping. We investigated distributions of visibility distance, open arc length, and shaded arc length in three mature forest stands. Abstract: The important variable of horizontal visibility within forest stands is gaining increasing attention in studies and applications involving terrestrial laser scanning (TLS), photographic measurements of forest structure, and autonomous mobility.
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